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Soup Tureen and Ladle
Welcome
To
ROMAN
FOODS
It's always amazing how similar yet different
the Romans of the Late Republic are to us. Despite a 2000 year difference,
their food, drink, and meal habits almost seem modern . . . but not quite.
What follows is mostly a tabular synopsis
of what kinds of bread, vegetables, fruit, and drink (separate page) the
Romans of the Late Roman Republic were accustomed to as well as a couple
of short tables showing how everyday meals and fancy dinner parties were
different from one another.
We'll start with food first . . .
Only the rich could afford a steady diet
of meat. So wheat (known to the Romans as "corn" [frumentum]) was the staple
food of most Romans. They mostly ate it as a boiled porridge, sometimes
adding flavorings or relishes to it. They had desserts too. And, of course,
bread was a staple.
TYPES OF BREAD
Bread varied in quality depending on
the flour, which varied with the kind of grain, the setting of the millstones
and the fineness of the sieves. The very best bread was made from wheat
flour; the very worst from bran alone. Loaves were circular and somewhat
flat, like a coffee cake
BREADS AND BREAD PRODUCTS
| LIBAE |
smaller rolls |
| PANIS PRIMUS |
cheap, coarse grain bread |
| PANIS SECUNDUS |
bread one step above Panis Primus |
| PANIS PLEBEIUS |
bread of coarse wheat flour "common
bread" |
| PANIS CASTRENSIS |
? "army bread" |
| PANIS SORDIDUS |
"dark bread" |
| PANIS RUSTICUS |
bread of bran alone "country bread" |
| PICENIAN BREAD |
fine biscuits |
| SILIGINEUS |
white bread |
| PANCAKES |
wheat pancake biscuit |
Legumes (beans, green peas, chick peas,
lentils, etc.) were sometimes added to bread
It's not sure whether panis primus and
secundus equate to one or more of the next four types of bread in the table.
Nor am I sure of what panis castrensis and sordidus consisted of. And,
as yet, I haven't run across a Latin term for Picenian bread. So if any
one as a source you can direct me to for answers to these questions, please
contact me.
Ever wonder what kinds of fruits the
Romans ate? Well here's some of the more common ones:
COMMON FRUITS
FROM EARLIEST TIMES
| ALMONDS |
PEARS |
| APPLES |
PLUMS |
| CHESTNUTS |
POMEGRANATES |
| FIGS |
QUINCES |
| FILBERTS |
WALNUTS |
| GRAPES |
* |
More rare would be the fruits found on
this list til a late point in Ancient Roman History:
UNCOMMON OR IMPORTED
FRUITS
| APRICOTS |
DATES |
| BERRIES |
LEMONS |
| CHERRIES |
ORANGES |
Apricots, cherries, dates, lemons, and
oranges weren't grown in Italy until the prinicipate
berries were rarely eaten
Fruits were eaten raw, dried, preserved,
and cooked; fruits were dried or preserved for winter use
What vegetables did the Romans eat? Here
they are:
COMMON VEGETABLES
| ARTICHOKES |
MALLOW LEAVES |
| ASPARAGUS |
MAROWS |
| BEANS |
MELONS |
| BEETS |
MUSHROOMS |
| BROCCOLI |
OLIVES |
| CABBAGES |
ONIONS |
| CUCUMBERS |
PARSNIPS |
| GARLIC |
PEAS |
| LEEKS |
PUMPKINS |
| LENTILS |
RADISHES |
| LETTUCE |
TURNIPS |
Beans, olives, and peas were grown in
Italy
Broccoli, leeks, artichokes and asparagus
were imported
Beans and peas were an important part
of lower class diets and were sold either dried or--in tabernae or by street
vendors--hot
Cabbage was believed to prevent drunkenness,
cure paralysis, and protect people from the plague
Garlic was believed to give soldiers
courage
Legumes (beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils,
etc.) were also used as cattle feed
Lettuce was considered a laxative by
the Romans
Mallow leaves were considered good for
the digestion
Olives were eaten plain as well as with
other food
Olive oil were used both as fuel for
lamps and for use in the public baths
When they did eat meats, poultry, and
fish, what specifically did the Romans eat? Here's a list:
COMMON MEAT AND
FISH
|
MEATS
|
POULTRY
|
FISH
|
| BEEF |
CHICKEN |
CARP |
| BOAR |
CRANE |
CATFISH |
| DORMICE |
DOVE |
CLAMS |
| LAMB |
DUCK |
CRAB |
| MUTTON |
FIG-PECKERS |
EEL |
| GOAT |
FLAMINGO |
FLOUNDER |
| HARE |
GOOSE |
HAKE |
| KID |
OSTRICH |
LOBSTER |
| SAUSAGE |
PARTRIDGE |
MACKERAL |
| SUCKLING PIG |
PEACOCK |
MULLET |
| VEAL |
PHEASANT |
MUSSELS |
| VENISON |
PIGEON |
OCTOPUS |
|
THRUSHES |
OYSTERS |
|
|
PERCH |
|
|
PORPOISE |
|
|
PAYS |
|
|
RAYS |
|
|
SARDINES |
|
|
SHARKS |
|
|
SNAILS |
|
|
SOLE |
|
|
SWORDFISH |
|
|
TROUT |
|
|
TUNA |
|
|
TURBO |
The poor could seldom afford to buy meat
Meat was more often boiled than roasted
with spicy sauces
Pork was considered a great delicacy.
Stuffed dormice were considered a delicacy
too. Usually the dormice were stuffed with minced pork, pepper, pine kernels,
and liquamen.
Sugar was unknown to the Romans; honey
was their main sweetener. They also used other sauces and spices to add
flavor to the food they ate:
SAUCES & SPICES
|
NAME
|
WHAT IT WAS
|
| DEFRUTUM |
concentrated wine was used in cooking |
| LIQUAMEN (AKA GARUM) |
made from salted fish and fish insides
may have been the ancestor of Worcestershire Sauce |
| PEPPER |
imported from the East; used a lot in
all sorts of foods including some sweet baked biscuits |
| PINE KERNELS |
harvested locally |
| SALT |
harvested from beds at Ostia |
Here's a partial list of foods that the
Romans were never known to have used:
FOODS UNKOWN TO
THE ROMANS
| BANANAS |
POTATOES |
| CORN (AMERICAN) |
RICE |
| CHILI PEPPER |
SUGAR |
| CHOCOLATE* |
TEA (CHINESE) |
| COFFEE* |
TOMATOES |
| PEANUTS |
MEAD* |
In the interest of promoting roleplay
between the rooms here at Lost Worlds, certain concessions have been made
as to the foods and drinks which we shall allow to be served in Rome.
These foods and drinks marked with an * in the above table are allowed
in our menus in order to promote trade between the various cultures and
to offer the fullest in Roman Hospitality to our Guests from the other
Ancient Worlds. If needed more foods may be marked as trade agreements
open with new cultures.
The ordinary Roman was not a great eater
of meats. The table below shows their typical meals:
TYPICAL MEALS
|
LATIN NAME
|
MODERN COUNTERPART
|
TIME
|
TYPICAL FOOD SERVED
|
| JENTACULUM |
BREAKFAST |
at sunrise or the first hour |
wheat pancake biscuit; bread dipped
in wine; bread flavored with a little cheese, dried fruits or honey; or
bread with salt, honey, dates, or olives Not all Romans began their day
with breakfast. Often breakfast was no more than a cup of water |
| PRANDIUM |
LUNCH |
around the sixth hour |
eggs, with bread and cheese or leftovers
from the previous day |
| CENA |
DINNER |
around the ninth or tenth hour |
wheat meal porridge (puls) Meat (pork,
mutton, beef) was scarce except at sacrifices and dinner parties of the
rich. Fish was more common |
Roman Legionaries followed a carefully
supervised diet. Their diet was a balanced one of wheat, some meat (usually
bacon), fish, poultry, cheese, vegetables, fruit, salt, olive oil, and
wine.
ANATOMY OF A ROMAN DINNER PARTY
Roman dinner parties were similar but
more sumptuous than those of today. Hors d'oeuvres were served, followed
by six or seven main courses, then several kinds of dessert, with a lot
of drinking underscoring the whole affair before, during and after the
actual dinner. A small army of slaves usually dealt with the whims of the
guests as well as serving watered down wine throughout the proceedings.
Some hosts served their best wine to start with and then lesser vintages
as guests became more intoxicated. In the early days of Rome, women were
discouraged from drinking wine altogether, unless it was well watered down,
but this stricture was dropped during the empire. At any dinner party it
was considered polite to belch
A TYPICAL ROMAN
DINNER PARTY
|
PHASE OF THE DINNER PARTY
|
LATIN NAME
|
TYPICAL FOOD SERVED
|
| HORS D'OEUVRES |
GUSTATIO OR PROMULSIO |
salads, radishes, mushrooms, eggs, oysters,
sardines followed an initial drink of wine sweetened with honey |
| MAIN COURSE |
PRIMA MENSA |
fish included eel, turbot, mackerel,
tunny, mullet, eels, prawns, oysters, other shellfish. Poultry dishes included:
chicken, goose, ostrich, crane, duck, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, dove,
thrushes, fig-peckers, and--for the rich--peacock. Meat included boar,
venison, wild goat, mutton, lamb, kid, suckling pig, hare, dormice, and
sausage |
| OFFERING TO THE HOUSEHOLD GODS |
? |
a short silence while an offering of
wheat, salt, and wine was made to the household gods on the family altar |
| DESSERT |
SECUNDA MENSA |
every kind of honey-sweetened cakes
and fruit. Two favorite desserts were stuffed dates and honeyed bread;
another was poppy-seeds mixed with honey |
| AFTER DINNER DRINKING AND ENTERTAINMENT |
? |
wine mixed with water was served. During
the rest of the party, music, song, dancing girls, conjurors, dwarfs, and
acrobats were sometimes provided as entertainment |
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