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Soup Tureen And Ladle

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ROMAN FOODS


It's always amazing how similar yet different the Romans of the Late Republic are to us. Despite a 2000 year difference, their food, drink, and meal habits almost seem modern . . . but not quite.

What follows is mostly a tabular synopsis of what kinds of bread, vegetables, fruit, and drink (separate page) the Romans of the Late Roman Republic were accustomed to as well as a couple of short tables showing how everyday meals and fancy dinner parties were different from one another.

We'll start with food first . . .

Only the rich could afford a steady diet of meat. So wheat (known to the Romans as "corn" [frumentum]) was the staple food of most Romans. They mostly ate it as a boiled porridge, sometimes adding flavorings or relishes to it. They had desserts too. And, of course, bread was a staple.



 
 

TYPES OF BREAD
Bread varied in quality depending on the flour, which varied with the kind of grain, the setting of the millstones and the fineness of the sieves. The very best bread was made from wheat flour; the very worst from bran alone. Loaves were circular and somewhat flat, like a coffee cake
 
 

BREADS AND BREAD PRODUCTS

LIBAE smaller rolls
PANIS PRIMUS cheap, coarse grain bread
PANIS SECUNDUS bread one step above Panis Primus
PANIS PLEBEIUS bread of coarse wheat flour "common bread"
PANIS CASTRENSIS ? "army bread"
PANIS SORDIDUS "dark bread"
PANIS RUSTICUS bread of bran alone "country bread"
PICENIAN BREAD fine biscuits
SILIGINEUS white bread
PANCAKES wheat pancake biscuit
 
Legumes (beans, green peas, chick peas, lentils, etc.) were sometimes added to bread
It's not sure whether panis primus and secundus equate to one or more of the next four types of bread in the table. Nor am I sure of what panis castrensis and sordidus consisted of. And, as yet, I haven't run across a Latin term for Picenian bread. So if any one as a source you can direct me to for answers to these questions, please contact me.


Ever wonder what kinds of fruits the Romans ate? Well here's some of the more common ones:


COMMON FRUITS FROM EARLIEST TIMES
ALMONDS PEARS
APPLES PLUMS
CHESTNUTS POMEGRANATES
FIGS QUINCES
FILBERTS WALNUTS
GRAPES *

More rare would be the fruits found on this list til a late point in Ancient Roman History:



 
 

UNCOMMON OR IMPORTED FRUITS
APRICOTS DATES
BERRIES LEMONS
CHERRIES ORANGES

Apricots, cherries, dates, lemons, and oranges weren't grown in Italy until the prinicipate
berries were rarely eaten
Fruits were eaten raw, dried, preserved, and cooked; fruits were dried or preserved for winter use


What vegetables did the Romans eat? Here they are:



 
 

COMMON VEGETABLES
ARTICHOKES  MALLOW LEAVES
ASPARAGUS MAROWS
BEANS MELONS
BEETS MUSHROOMS
BROCCOLI OLIVES
CABBAGES ONIONS
CUCUMBERS PARSNIPS
GARLIC PEAS
LEEKS PUMPKINS
LENTILS RADISHES
LETTUCE TURNIPS

Beans, olives, and peas were grown in Italy
Broccoli, leeks, artichokes and asparagus were imported
Beans and peas were an important part of lower class diets and were sold either dried or--in tabernae or by street vendors--hot
Cabbage was believed to prevent drunkenness, cure paralysis, and protect people from the plague
Garlic was believed to give soldiers courage
Legumes (beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, etc.) were also used as cattle feed
Lettuce was considered a laxative by the Romans
Mallow leaves were considered good for the digestion
Olives were eaten plain as well as with other food
Olive oil were used both as fuel for lamps and for use in the public baths


When they did eat meats, poultry, and fish, what specifically did the Romans eat? Here's a list:


COMMON MEAT AND FISH
MEATS
POULTRY
FISH
BEEF CHICKEN CARP
BOAR CRANE CATFISH
DORMICE DOVE CLAMS
LAMB DUCK CRAB
MUTTON FIG-PECKERS EEL
GOAT FLAMINGO FLOUNDER
HARE GOOSE HAKE
KID OSTRICH LOBSTER
SAUSAGE PARTRIDGE MACKERAL
SUCKLING PIG PEACOCK MULLET
VEAL PHEASANT MUSSELS
VENISON PIGEON OCTOPUS
THRUSHES OYSTERS
PERCH
PORPOISE
PAYS
RAYS
SARDINES
SHARKS
SNAILS
SOLE
SWORDFISH
TROUT
TUNA
TURBO

The poor could seldom afford to buy meat
Meat was more often boiled than roasted with spicy sauces
Pork was considered a great delicacy.
Stuffed dormice were considered a delicacy too. Usually the dormice were stuffed with minced pork, pepper, pine kernels, and liquamen.


Sugar was unknown to the Romans; honey was their main sweetener. They also used other sauces and spices to add flavor to the food they ate:


SAUCES & SPICES
NAME
WHAT IT WAS
DEFRUTUM concentrated wine was used in cooking
LIQUAMEN (AKA GARUM) made from salted fish and fish insides may have been the ancestor of Worcestershire Sauce
PEPPER imported from the East; used a lot in all sorts of foods including some sweet baked biscuits
PINE KERNELS harvested locally
SALT harvested from beds at Ostia


Here's a partial list of foods that the Romans were never known to have used:



 
 

FOODS UNKOWN TO THE ROMANS
BANANAS POTATOES
CORN (AMERICAN) RICE
CHILI PEPPER SUGAR
CHOCOLATE* TEA (CHINESE)
COFFEE* TOMATOES
PEANUTS MEAD*

In the interest of promoting roleplay between the rooms here at Lost Worlds, certain concessions have been made as to the foods and drinks which we shall allow to be served in Rome.  These foods and drinks marked with an * in the above table are allowed in our menus in order to promote trade between the various cultures and to offer the fullest in Roman Hospitality to our Guests from the other Ancient Worlds.  If needed more foods may be marked as trade agreements open with new cultures.


The ordinary Roman was not a great eater of meats. The table below shows their typical meals:



 
 

TYPICAL MEALS
LATIN NAME
MODERN COUNTERPART
TIME
TYPICAL FOOD SERVED
JENTACULUM BREAKFAST at sunrise or the first hour wheat pancake biscuit; bread dipped in wine; bread flavored with a little cheese, dried fruits or honey; or bread with salt, honey, dates, or olives Not all Romans began their day with breakfast. Often breakfast was no more than a cup of water
PRANDIUM LUNCH around the sixth hour eggs, with bread and cheese or leftovers from the previous day
CENA DINNER around the ninth or tenth hour wheat meal porridge (puls) Meat (pork, mutton, beef) was scarce except at sacrifices and dinner parties of the rich. Fish was more common

Roman Legionaries followed a carefully supervised diet. Their diet was a balanced one of wheat, some meat (usually bacon), fish, poultry, cheese, vegetables, fruit, salt, olive oil, and wine.
 



 

ANATOMY OF A ROMAN DINNER PARTY
Roman dinner parties were similar but more sumptuous than those of today. Hors d'oeuvres were served, followed by six or seven main courses, then several kinds of dessert, with a lot of drinking underscoring the whole affair before, during and after the actual dinner. A small army of slaves usually dealt with the whims of the guests as well as serving watered down wine throughout the proceedings. Some hosts served their best wine to start with and then lesser vintages as guests became more intoxicated. In the early days of Rome, women were discouraged from drinking wine altogether, unless it was well watered down, but this stricture was dropped during the empire. At any dinner party it was considered polite to belch



 
 
 

A TYPICAL ROMAN DINNER PARTY
PHASE OF THE DINNER PARTY
LATIN NAME
TYPICAL FOOD SERVED
HORS D'OEUVRES GUSTATIO OR PROMULSIO salads, radishes, mushrooms, eggs, oysters, sardines followed an initial drink of wine sweetened with honey
MAIN COURSE PRIMA MENSA fish included eel, turbot, mackerel, tunny, mullet, eels, prawns, oysters, other shellfish. Poultry dishes included: chicken, goose, ostrich, crane, duck, partridge, pheasant, pigeon, dove, thrushes, fig-peckers, and--for the rich--peacock. Meat included boar, venison, wild goat, mutton, lamb, kid, suckling pig, hare, dormice, and sausage
OFFERING TO THE HOUSEHOLD GODS ? a short silence while an offering of wheat, salt, and wine was made to the household gods on the family altar
DESSERT SECUNDA MENSA every kind of honey-sweetened cakes and fruit. Two favorite desserts were stuffed dates and honeyed bread; another was poppy-seeds mixed with honey
AFTER DINNER DRINKING AND ENTERTAINMENT ? wine mixed with water was served. During the rest of the party, music, song, dancing girls, conjurors, dwarfs, and acrobats were sometimes provided as entertainment

 
 

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